We use official sources first, then established news organisations that quote them. When sources disagree, the page says so. See how we check facts.
Sources cited on the home page
- Arab News, GASTAT 2025 airport figures (18 May 2026)
- Asharq Al-Awsat, Saudi airports handle 141 million passengers (19 May 2026)
- Destination KSA, KKIA terminal changes (9 Feb 2026)
- Railway Gazette, Riyadh Metro lines open (16 Dec 2024)
- Bernama, citing Saudi state media (16 May 2026)
- Gulf News, Jeddah airport opens Terminal 4 (27 Sep 2026)
- Gulf News, licensed taxis and apps in Saudi Arabia
- Business Standard, Saudi 96-hour stopover visa (14 Nov 2025)
- ARY News, visa access extended to Kosovo and Guyana (6 Oct 2026)
- Gulf News, declaring money and goods over SAR 60,000
- Official Visit Saudi visa portal
- Communications, Space & Technology Commission, emergency numbers
- UNESCO World Heritage List, Saudi Arabia
Sources for King Abdulaziz International Airport, Jeddah (JED)
- Jeddah Airports Company, gradual commencement of operations at Terminal 4, via Zawya (26 Sep 2026)
- Gulf News, Jeddah airport opens new Terminal 4 with phased airline moves (27 Sep 2026)
- Khaleej Times, Jeddah airport moves North Terminal flights to T4, Hajj, Umrah terminals (17 Oct 2026)
- Wego, Jeddah Airport Terminal 4 (published 29 Sep 2026, updated 2 Nov 2026)
- Wego, Jeddah Hajj Terminal: 7 airlines moving from the North Terminal, citing the airport's post of 30 Sep 2026 (updated 2 Nov 2026)
- KAIA, Terminal 4 press release (kaia.sa refuses automated access; read via search-engine extract, Nov 2026)
- KAIA, On-demand transportation (read via search-engine extract, Nov 2026)
- KAIA, Car rental (read via search-engine extract, Nov 2026)
- KAIA, Wi-Fi (read via search-engine extract, Nov 2026)
- KAIA, Prayer rooms at the airport (read via search-engine extract, Nov 2026)
- KAIA, Zamzam water (read via search-engine extract, Nov 2026)
- KAIA, AlFursan Lounge (read via search-engine extract, Nov 2026)
- Haramain High Speed Railway, King Abdulaziz International Airport station (Nov 2026)
- Bernama, citing Saudi state media, Haramain airport station journey times (16 May 2026)
- Arab News, GASTAT 2025 airport passenger figures (18 May 2026)
- Gulf News, make sure the taxi you take from the airport is licensed (updated 15 Oct 2024)
Sources for King Khalid International Airport, Riyadh (RUH)
- Kuwait Times, Riyadh's King Khalid airport resumes operations at 2 terminals (25 Oct 2026)
- The National, Which airlines are flying to Riyadh: latest schedules and cancellations (26 Oct 2026)
- The National, Saudi Arabia flight cancellations: which airlines are suspending services and until when (6 Nov 2026)
- flynas, Travel updates: Riyadh Terminals 1 and 2 (accessed Nov 2026; flynas.com blocks automated access, read via search index)
- flynas, Riyadh to Qassim Airport transfer; ELQ international flights via the Domestic Terminal from 29 Oct 2026 (accessed Nov 2026, via search index)
- Riyadh Air, Riyadh (RUH) travel update: London flights from RUH Terminal 2 from 9 Nov 2026 (accessed Nov 2026; riyadhair.com blocks automated access, read via search index)
- Riyadh Air, Flights via Al Qassim from 25 October 2026 (accessed Nov 2026, via search index)
- KKIA, King Khalid International Airport completes major terminal relocation project (26 Feb 2026; kkia.sa blocks automated access, read via search index)
- Arab News, Major transformation plan for King Khalid International Airport announced (29 Nov 2025)
- Destination KSA, KKIA terminal changes, dates and allocations (9 Feb 2026)
- TradeArabia, Riyadh Governor opens International Terminal 2 at King Khalid Airport (26 Jan 2026)
- Marhaba, Qatar Airways announces Terminal 5 for Riyadh flights from 25 February (Feb 2026)
- KKIA, Riyadh Metro page (accessed Nov 2026, via search index)
- KKIA, Taxis and ride-hailing apps (accessed Nov 2026, via search index)
- KKIA, Parking and transport, ParkLONG and car rental pages (accessed Nov 2026, via search index)
- KKIA, Wi-Fi page (accessed Nov 2026, via search index)
- KKIA, Services FAQ: prayer rooms, mosque, lounges, shuttles (accessed Nov 2026, via search index)
- KKIA, Arrival information FAQ: free shuttles every 10 minutes (accessed Nov 2026, via search index)
- Railway Gazette, Riyadh metro Red and Green lines open to passengers (16 Dec 2024)
- Gulf News, Visiting Saudi Arabia: make sure the taxi you take from the airport is licensed (Oct 2024)
- Arab News, GASTAT 2025 airport passenger figures (18 May 2026)
- Asharq Al-Awsat, Saudi airports handle 141 million passengers in 2025 (19 May 2026)
- Gulf News, Riyadh's 40-million-passenger mega terminal (King Salman International Airport)
- Argaam, King Salman International Airport opening target (2026)
- MEED, Construction advances on Riyadh King Salman airport (2026)
Sources for King Fahd International Airport, Dammam (DMM)
- KFIA official site, home page and Parking & Transport (drive times), accessed 15 Nov 2026
- KFIA, Lounges page, accessed 15 Nov 2026
- KFIA, Banking (ATMs and currency exchange), accessed 15 Nov 2026
- KFIA, Restaurants and cafes, accessed 15 Nov 2026
- KFIA, Telecom services, accessed 15 Nov 2026
- KFIA, Amenities (prayer rooms, toilets, terminal levels), accessed 15 Nov 2026
- KFIA, Airport map (Mezzanine Level description), accessed 15 Nov 2026
- KFIA, Luggage services, accessed 15 Nov 2026
- KFIA, Check-in procedures, accessed 15 Nov 2026
- Dammam Airports Company, About and contact details, accessed 15 Nov 2026
- Arab News, Dammam Airports signs design deal to expand King Fahd International (14 Sep 2026)
- Arab News, GASTAT 2025 airport passenger figures (18 May 2026)
- Wikipedia, King Fahd International Airport (opening date, terminal buildings, 31 km figure; uncited)
- Wikipedia, King Fahd Causeway (length, 1986 opening)
- Gulf News, More facilities to expedite travel across King Fahd Causeway, Jesr app (12 Apr 2025)
- Gulf News, Visiting Saudi Arabia: make sure the taxi you take from the airport is licensed (Oct 2024)
- Gulf News, Passengers required to declare money and goods worth more than SR60,000 (ZATCA rule)
- Airport Technology, King Fahd International Airport project profile (taxi stand on arrivals level)
- Airport Transfer Portal, DMM guide stating no public bus (Apr 2026), used only to show sources disagree
Sources for Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz International Airport, Madinah (MED)
- Tibah Airports / Madinah Airport, To and from the airport (accessed 15 Nov 2026)
- Madinah Airport, Taxi and limousine fares page (accessed 15 Nov 2026, page undated)
- Madinah Airport, Rent a car (accessed 15 Nov 2026)
- Madinah Airport, Airlines directory (accessed 15 Nov 2026)
- Madinah Airport, Transfers and transit counters (accessed 15 Nov 2026)
- Madinah Airport, Services and facilities (accessed 15 Nov 2026)
- Madinah Airport, Internet and Wi-Fi (accessed 15 Nov 2026)
- Madinah Airport, Lounges (accessed 15 Nov 2026)
- Madinah Airport, Food and beverage (accessed 15 Nov 2026)
- Madinah Airport, Parking (accessed 15 Nov 2026)
- TradeArabia, Medina Airport named Middle East's Best Regional Airport 2026 (25 Mar 2026)
- Saudi Gazette, GACA chief: Madinah airport expansion to boost capacity to 18 million passengers by October 2027 (9 Nov 2026; paywalled, read via search index)
- CAPA, GACA: Madinah Airport terminal expansion project to be completed by Oct-2027 (10 Nov 2026)
- Airport Technology, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz International Airport new terminal (area, three storeys, 8 million capacity)
- Wikipedia, Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz International Airport (2015 inauguration, LEED Gold, concession)
- Madhyamam, Madinah's Route 400 offers 24-hour link between airport and Prophet's Mosque, citing the Madinah Region Development Authority (8 Jun 2026)
- Wego, Haramain High Speed Railway guide: five stations, Madinah station about 7 km from the Prophet's Mosque (updated 12 Oct 2026)
- Bernama, citing Saudi state media: Jeddah airport station to Madinah about 1 h 45 (16 May 2026)
- Ministry of Hajj and Umrah, Permit to visit Al-Rawdah Al-Sharifah (Nusuk), accessed 15 Nov 2026
- Khaleej Times, Hajj 2026 season rules: Makkah entry and Umrah permits (May 2026)
- Gulf News, Visiting Saudi Arabia: make sure the taxi you take from the airport is licensed (Oct 2024)
Sources for AlUla International Airport (ULH)
- Argaam, AlUla International Airport terminal expansion inaugurated, citing SPA (15 Jan 2026)
- Saudi Gazette, Prince Badr inaugurates AlUla International Airport expansion (Jan 2026; read via search-engine extract)
- Gulf Construction Online, AlUla International Airport terminal expansion project inaugurated (Jan 2026; read via search-engine extract)
- Experience AlUla (Royal Commission for AlUla), Getting to and around AlUla, flight schedule 25 Oct 2026 to 27 Mar 2027 (read 15 Nov 2026)
- Experience AlUla, Practical information, currency exchange at the airport (read 15 Nov 2026)
- Experience AlUla, AlUla's Visitor Centres (read 15 Nov 2026)
- Saudipedia, AlUla International Airport (read 15 Nov 2026)
- flynas, Travelling from Riyadh via Qassim Airport (flynas.com refuses automated access; read via search-engine extract, Nov 2026)
- Wikipedia, AlUla International Airport (coordinates, opening date, runway; read 15 Nov 2026)
Sources for Abha International Airport (AHB)
- Saudipedia, Abha International Airport: 1977 opening, 2019 terminal works, international status 2020, road access (read 15 Nov 2026)
- Saudipedia, The New Abha International Airport: 65,000 m², 13 million passengers, 20 gates, phase one 2028 (15 Oct 2023)
- MEED, Contract award nears for Abha airport expansion PPP (10 Feb 2026)
- Gulf News, Saudi Arabia unveils masterplan for new Abha International Airport with 13m passenger capacity (Oct 2023)
- Passenger Terminal Today, Foster + Partners wins competition to design Abha airport terminal (late 2023; site refuses automated access, read via search-engine extract)
- Airport Technology, Abha International Airport expansion (phase areas differ from MEED; read via search-engine extract, Nov 2026)
- Aeroroutes, flynas launches Abha base in late March 2026 (20 Jan 2026)
- flynas, Governor of Aseer inaugurates flynas fifth operations base at Abha (2026; flynas.com refuses automated access, read via search-engine extract)
- Al Riyadh Daily, Cluster2 Airports Q2 2026 performance, flynas operational centre at Abha (26 Jul 2026)
- TradeArabia, Abha Airport set to handle 10,000 flights during Aseer summer season, citing Cluster2 (22 Jun 2026)
- Arab News, Abha airport sets new single-day flight record, citing SPA (9 Jul 2026)
- Wego, Is Abha Airport open? terminal, airlines and road access (updated 4 Nov 2026)
- flydubai, Abha International Airport page, location between Abha and Khamis Mushait (read via search-engine extract, Nov 2026)
- Gulf News, licensed taxi apps and unlicensed transport fines in Saudi Arabia, citing the Transport General Authority (updated 15 Oct 2024)
- Uber, Abha International Airport pickup page (read Nov 2026)
- Enterprise, Abha International Airport car rental branch (read Nov 2026)
- National Car Rental, Abha International Airport branch (read Nov 2026)
- Saudipedia, Al-Soudah Mountain: about 20 km from Abha, Aqabat al-Sama road (read 15 Nov 2026)
- Wikipedia, Abha International Airport: coordinates, elevation, runway (read 15 Nov 2026)
- Wikipedia, Abha: climate normals 1991-2020 from NOAA NCEI, rainy seasons (read 15 Nov 2026)
- Omio, Abha AHB airport transfers, taxis outside the terminal (read via search-engine extract, Nov 2026)
- Asharq Al-Awsat, Cluster2 Airports achieves growth in 2025, 22 airports (Feb 2026)
Sources for Taif International Airport (TIF)
- Saudipedia, Taif International Airport: 27 km north-east of the centre, founded 1976, international since 2014, Taif Airport Road (read 15 Nov 2026)
- Wego, Is Taif Airport open? location and airlines (updated 4 Nov 2026)
- Oman Observer, Oman Air launches flights to Taif from 31 Jan 2026 (9 Dec 2025)
- Gulf News, Qatar Airways brings back four Saudi routes this winter, Taif from 31 October (1 Sep 2026)
- Turkish Airlines, Flights to Taif route page (turkishairlines.com timed out; read via search-engine extract, Nov 2026)
- InfraPPPWorld, Saudi Arabia launches RFP for new Taif International Airport PPP project (15 Jun 2026)
- Zawya, Saudi Arabia launches PPP tender for new Taif airport project (June 2026)
- Saudipedia, Aqabat al-Kurr (Al Hada road): 87 km Makkah to Taif, closures for fog and rain, Al Sail road (read 15 Nov 2026)
- Saudipedia, Qarn al-Manazil: As-Sail al-Kabir mosque 35 km north of Taif (read 15 Nov 2026)
- Saudipedia, Miqat Wadi Muharram: 76 km from the Grand Mosque via Al Hada (read 15 Nov 2026)
- Gulf News, All you need to know about Saudi Arabia's Haramain High-Speed Rail, five stations (read Nov 2026)
- Budget, Taif Airport (TIF) location, open 24 hours (read Nov 2026)
- Gulf News, licensed taxi apps and unlicensed transport fines in Saudi Arabia, citing the Transport General Authority (updated 15 Oct 2024)
- SAPTCO, public transport network including Taif (read Nov 2026)
- Khaleej Times, Hajj 2026 season rules: Makkah entry and Umrah permits (2026)
- Asharq Al-Awsat, Cluster2 Airports achieves growth in 2025, 22 airports (Feb 2026)
- indiplomacy, Saudi Umrah visas resume 31 May 2026 (25 May 2026)
- Wikipedia, Taif International Airport: coordinates, elevation, runways (read 15 Nov 2026)
Sources for Red Sea International Airport (RSI)
- Zawya, Red Sea International Airport expands connectivity with Etihad Airways (2026 release; Etihad from 4 Oct 2026)
- Zawya, Red Sea International Airport adds extra flights for Eid Al-Adha, 21-31 May 2026
- Zawya, Red Sea International Airport expands flight operations (2025 release, Main Terminal Building and Air Taxi Terminal)
- beOnd, direct services connecting six European destinations to The Red Sea (27 Jul 2026)
- Gulf News, passenger pods, seaplanes and air taxis at Red Sea Airport (updated 20 Jun 2025)
- Gulf News, Red Sea Global launches Saudi Arabia's first seaplane company (Oct 2023)
- IHG Hotels & Resorts, Six Senses AMAALA opens (15 Jul 2026)
- Arab News, Red Sea Global opens Six Senses AMAALA resort at Triple Bay (8 Jul 2026)
- Zawya, Red Sea Global opens Rosewood AMAALA (2026)
- Connecting Travel, Miraval The Red Sea opens on 15 May 2026 (read via search-engine extract)
- flynas, Travelling from Riyadh via Qassim Airport (flynas.com refuses automated access; read via search-engine extract, Nov 2026)
- Listmag, Red Sea International Airport and beOnd's new routes to Europe (2026; read via search-engine extract)
- Wikipedia, Red Sea International Airport (opening dates, runway, coordinates; read 15 Nov 2026)
Sources for Haramain Train from Jeddah Airport: Station, Tickets and Times
- Haramain High Speed Railway, King Abdulaziz International Airport station page (Nov 2026)
- Haramain High Speed Railway, Makkah station page (Nov 2026)
- Haramain High Speed Railway, baggage guidelines (Nov 2026)
- Haramain High Speed Railway, common questions (Nov 2026)
- Haramain High Speed Railway, ticket guidelines (Nov 2026)
- Haramain High Speed Railway, station services (Nov 2026)
- Haramain High Speed Railway, travel tips (Nov 2026)
- Saudi Press Education Portal, Saudi Railways Hajj season figures (12 May 2026)
- Bernama, citing Saudi state media, airport station journey times (16 May 2026)
- Gulf News, how to use the Haramain High-Speed Railway, station locations from the Haramain website (updated 27 May 2025)
- Khaleej Times, Hajj 2026 season rules on Makkah entry and Umrah permits (2026)
- Wego, Jeddah Airport Terminal 4 and transfer to the Terminal 1 station (updated 2 Nov 2026)
Sources for Riyadh Metro to King Khalid International Airport
- Kuwait Times, Riyadh's King Khalid airport resumes operations at 2 terminals (25 Oct 2026)
- flynas, Travel updates: Riyadh Terminals 1 and 2 (accessed Nov 2026; flynas.com blocks automated access, read via search index)
- The National, Saudi Arabia flight cancellations: which airlines are suspending services and until when (6 Nov 2026)
- Railway Gazette, Riyadh metro Red and Green lines open to passengers (16 Dec 2024): Blue, Purple and Yellow lines opened 1 Dec 2024
- KKIA, Riyadh Metro page: Darb app, Darb card, contactless, tickets from SAR 4, under-6s free (accessed Nov 2026; kkia.sa blocks automated access, read via search index)
- Gulf News, Riyadh Metro unveils ticket prices ahead of December launch (30 Nov 2024)
- Gulf News, Riyadh Metro: your guide to Saudi Arabia's mega public transportation project (updated 14 Jan 2026)
- Scene Now Saudi, Riyadh Metro updates fares, introduces semester tickets, operating hours per Riyadh Public Transport Authority (5 Jan 2026)
- Gulf News, Riyadh Metro adjusts schedule to 5:30am (6 Sep 2025)
- Platinumlist, Riyadh Metro changes operating hours on Fridays from 4 July, per Public Transport Authority (3 Jul 2025)
- Destination KSA, New Riyadh metro rules and fines (29 Sep 2025)
- Wikipedia, Line 4 (Riyadh Metro): station order and interchanges (accessed Nov 2026)
- KKIA, Completes major terminal relocation project (26 Feb 2026)
- Wikipedia, Riyadh Metro: Blue Line stations STC, National Museum, Qasr Al Hokm; lines at KAFD (accessed Nov 2026)
- House of Saud, Riyadh airport to city centre: metro, taxi and shuttle guide (journey time estimate, unofficial)
Sources for Saudi Arabia Visa on Arrival: Eligibility and Airport Process
- Visit Saudi eVisa portal (Ministry of Tourism): list of 72 eligible countries (read 15 Nov 2026)
- KSA Visa (Ministry of Foreign Affairs), Tourism visa page: eligibility for eVisa and visa on arrival, validity, fees (read 15 Nov 2026)
- KSA Visa, Electronic Travel Authorization for UK citizens (read 15 Nov 2026)
- Arab News, Tourist visa system at ports of entry to be upgraded: Saudi Passports Department (16 Dec 2025)
- Gulf News, Saudi Arabia expands tourist visa scheme to Kosovo and Guyana (4 Oct 2026)
- Arab News, Envoys welcome Saudi Arabia's tourist e-visa and visa-on-arrival expansion to 4 nations (7 Nov 2026)
- Gulf News, UK, US or Schengen visa holders can get one-year instant eVisa for Saudi Arabia: Ministry of Tourism conditions (13 Jun 2023)
- Gulf News, Saudi Arabia opens ETA scheme to UK citizens (25 Jun 2026)
- Legit.ng, Did Saudi Arabia release a list of 14 countries not eligible for visa on arrival? Saudi Tourism Centre reply (7 Jul 2026, updated 21 Oct 2026)
- Khaleej Times, Saudi Arabia Hajj 2026 season rules: Makkah entry and Umrah permits (2026)
Sources for Saudi Tourist eVisa: How to Apply on the Official Portal
- Visit Saudi eVisa portal (Ministry of Tourism): eVisa description, 72 eligible countries (read 15 Nov 2026)
- Visit Saudi eVisa terms and conditions: validity, refunds, entry conditions, VAT (read 15 Nov 2026)
- KSA Visa (Ministry of Foreign Affairs), Tourism visa page: eligibility, steps, validity, fees, processing time (read 15 Nov 2026)
- KSA Visa, Electronic Travel Authorization for UK citizens (read 15 Nov 2026)
- Arab News, Saudi Arabia unveils unified national visa-application platform (19 Dec 2023)
- Gulf News, UK, US or Schengen visa holders can get one-year instant eVisa for Saudi Arabia (13 Jun 2023)
- Arab News, Envoys welcome Saudi Arabia's tourist e-visa expansion to Mexico, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia (7 Nov 2026)
- Gulf News, Saudi Arabia expands tourist visa scheme to Kosovo and Guyana (4 Oct 2026)
- Gulf News, Saudi Arabia opens ETA scheme to UK citizens (25 Jun 2026)
- Khaleej Times, Saudi Arabia Hajj 2026 season rules: Makkah entry and Umrah permits (2026)
Sources for Saudi Transit Visa and 96-Hour Stopover Visa
- Visit Saudi, Stopover Transit Visa page and FAQ: fees, single entry, 3-month validity, 96 hours, Umrah via Nusuk (updated 16 Sep 2026)
- KSA Visa (Ministry of Foreign Affairs): Air, Land and Sea Transit Visa categories (read 15 Nov 2026)
- Selling Travel, Saudi launches stopover visa: free, 96 hours, Saudia and flynas, one free hotel night with Saudia (2 Feb 2023)
- Gulf News, How to perform Umrah on a free Saudi transit visa: fees, not extendable (updated 30 Jun 2025)
- Business Standard, Saudi's free 96-hour stopover visa lets travellers perform Umrah in transit (14 Nov 2025)
- Wego, Saudi transit visa: airside 12-hour limit published by Saudia, booking steps (updated 12 Oct 2026)
- Express Tribune, Saudi Arabia updates e-transit visa rules: Group A itineraries, citing Cairo 24 and Saudia (7 Apr 2025)
- KSA Visa, Tourism visa page: eVisa and visa on arrival eligibility, fees (read 15 Nov 2026)
- Visit Saudi eVisa portal: 72 eligible countries (read 15 Nov 2026)
Sources for Saudi Arabia airport codes: IATA and ICAO for every airport with flights
- Wikipedia, List of airports in Saudi Arabia: ICAO and IATA codes, airports with scheduled service, military and future airports (accessed 15 Nov 2026)
- OurAirports, airports data file: Saudi airports with scheduled service, IATA, ICAO and GPS codes (downloaded 15 Nov 2026)
- OurAirports, Alula Airport, Somalia (IATA ALU, ICAO HCMA) (accessed 15 Nov 2026)
- Wikipedia, ICAO airport code: OE prefix for Saudi Arabia, ICAO vs IATA roles (accessed 15 Nov 2026)
- Wikipedia, King Fahd International Airport: opened to commercial traffic 28 Nov 1999, replacing Dhahran International (accessed 15 Nov 2026)
- Gulf News, Riyadh's 40 million passenger mega terminal: King Salman International Airport plans (2026)
- Arab News, flyadeal Riyadh-NEOM flights (Apr 2026)
- Aeroroutes, Saudia ends NEOM Bay international service from Jan 2026 (30 Dec 2025)
- OurAirports, Taiz International Airport, Yemen (IATA TAI) (accessed 15 Nov 2026)
- Saudi Post (SPL), National Address: 5-digit postal code, building number, additional number (accessed 15 Nov 2026)
- IATA, Airline and airport code search (accessed 15 Nov 2026)
Sources for Hegra (Al-Hijr, Mada'in Salih), AlUla
- UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Hegra Archaeological Site (al-Hijr / Mada'in Salih), inscribed 2008 (read 15 Nov 2026)
- Experience AlUla (Royal Commission for AlUla), Hegra: tours, rules and visitor FAQs (read 15 Nov 2026)
- Experience AlUla, Hegra Day Tour: price, meeting point, inclusions (read 15 Nov 2026)
- Experience AlUla, Hegra Premium Tour: price, group size, restrictions (read 15 Nov 2026)
- Experience AlUla, AlUla's Visitor Centres: opening times (read 15 Nov 2026)
- Experience AlUla, Practical information: dress, drones (read 15 Nov 2026)
- Wego, Hegra in AlUla: how tours, tickets and visitor transport work (15 Jul 2026)
- Saudipedia, AlUla International Airport: distance to Hegra (read 15 Nov 2026)
- Madain Project, Qasr al-Farid (read via search-engine extract, Nov 2026)
- Wikipedia, Hegra (Mada'in Salih): location, Jabal Ithlib, Hejaz Railway station (read 15 Nov 2026)
Sources for Historic Jeddah (Al-Balad): coral-stone houses, souks and Bab Makkah
- Wikipedia, Al-Balad, Jeddah: UNESCO 2014 inscription, neighbourhoods, restoration timeline, coordinates (accessed Nov 2026)
- UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Historic Jeddah, the Gate to Makkah (whc.unesco.org refuses automated access; description read via search index, Nov 2026)
- Saudipedia, Historic Jeddah: UNESCO date 21 Jun 2014, surviving gates, wall removed 1947, souks and mosques, Ministry of Culture department (accessed Nov 2026)
- Saudipedia, Nassif House: built 1872 by Omar Effendi Nassif, 40 rooms, King Abdulaziz from 1925 (accessed Nov 2026)
- Archnet, Nassif House: construction 1872-1881 (accessed Nov 2026)
- Arab News, Exploring the oceanic materials used in Historic Jeddah's Hejazi houses (5 Jun 2022)
- Arab News, Experts laud Jeddah's heritage restoration efforts: 650 buildings, 2.5 sq km, SR50m for 56 buildings (7 Apr 2024)
- Visit Saudi, Souq Al Alawi (accessed Nov 2026)
- Outlook Traveller, Guide to Bab Makkah Souq in Jeddah (accessed Nov 2026)
- Wikipedia, King Abdulaziz International Airport: 19 km north of Jeddah (accessed Nov 2026)
- Transfeero, Jeddah airport to Al Balad: 25 km route (accessed Nov 2026, commercial transfer estimate)
- Gulf News, Visiting Saudi Arabia: make sure the taxi you take from the airport is licensed (Transport General Authority rules, updated 15 Oct 2024)
Sources for At-Turaif District, Diriyah: UNESCO site, tickets and getting there
- Diriyah Company, official FAQ: At-Turaif hours, ticketless day entry, SAR 50 redeemable pass from 5 pm, Bujairi hours, parking, rules (read 15 Nov 2026)
- Diriyah Company, At-Turaif page: UNESCO site, 6 museums, 1,000,000+ annual visitors, Salwa Palace (read 15 Nov 2026)
- Wikipedia, Diriyah: founding 1446-47, capital 1727-1818, 1818 siege, UNESCO 2010, Salwa Palace, Bujairi Terrace 15,000 sq m (accessed Nov 2026)
- Wikipedia, List of World Heritage Sites in Saudi Arabia: Hegra 2008, At-Turaif 2010 (accessed Nov 2026)
- Arab News, Diriyah officially opens its gates to the public on December 4: inauguration 28 Nov 2022, Salwa Palace 10,000 sq m, guided tours (28 Nov 2022)
- Saudipedia, Timeline of Diriyah Gate Project: DGDA established by Royal Order in 2017 (accessed Nov 2026)
- Gulf News, Riyadh Metro expansion to connect Red Line with Diriyah Gate: 8.4 km, five stations (updated 12 Jan 2026)
- Wikipedia, Riyadh Metro: lines and termini, no Diriyah station in operation (accessed Nov 2026)
- Transfeero, Riyadh airport to Diriyah: 39 km, about 30 minutes (accessed Nov 2026, commercial transfer estimate)
- Gulf News, Visiting Saudi Arabia: make sure the taxi you take from the airport is licensed (Transport General Authority rules, updated 15 Oct 2024)
Sources for Elephant Rock (Jabal AlFil), AlUla
- Experience AlUla (Royal Commission for AlUla), Elephant Rock: hours, access, food, FAQs (read 15 Nov 2026)
- Experience AlUla, Getting to and around AlUla: flights, taxis, Darb AlUla app (read 15 Nov 2026)
- Experience AlUla, Practical information: drones, dress (read 15 Nov 2026)
- Experience AlUla, AlUla Old Town: opening times (read 15 Nov 2026)
- Wikipedia, Elephant Rock (Saudi Arabia): coordinates and geology (read 15 Nov 2026)
Sources for Jeddah Corniche: the waterfront, King Fahd's Fountain and Al-Rahma Mosque
- Arab News, ThePlace: King Fahd's Fountain in Jeddah, the tallest in the world, 312 m per Guinness World Records (17 Aug 2019)
- Wikipedia, King Fahd's Fountain: 312 m, built 1980-1983, launched 1985, seawater, 375 km/h, over 500 lights (accessed Nov 2026)
- Saudipedia, King Fahd's Fountain: evening operating hours (accessed Nov 2026)
- Guinness World Records, tallest fountain record page (returned 404 in Nov 2026; record cited via Arab News)
- Saudipedia, Al-Rahma Mosque: built 1985, Al-Shate' district, original name, architecture (accessed Nov 2026)
- Arab News, ThePlace: Masjid Al-Rahma, Jeddah's floating mosque (accessed Nov 2026)
- Wikipedia, Jeddah Corniche: 4.2 km waterfront, inaugurated 30 Nov 2017, three swimming beaches (accessed Nov 2026)
- Arab News, Jeddah's revamped waterfront fast becoming top attraction: 4.2 km, SR800m, restrooms, kiosks, police supervision (8 Mar 2018)
- Arab News, Makkah governor opens Jeddah's new waterfront (Nov 2017)
- Wikipedia, King Abdulaziz International Airport: 19 km north of Jeddah (accessed Nov 2026)
- Gulf News, Visiting Saudi Arabia: make sure the taxi you take from the airport is licensed (Transport General Authority rules, updated 15 Oct 2024)
Sources for Masmak Fortress (Al Masmak Palace Museum), Riyadh
- Riyadh Daily (SPA), Museums Commission reopens Al Masmak Palace Museum: built 1865, recaptured 1902, museum since 11 Jun 1995 (26 Jul 2025)
- Destination KSA, Al Masmak Palace Museum reopens after massive renovations: hours, free entry (27 Jul 2025)
- Gulf News, Al Masmak Palace reborn after 2025 restoration: 1865 (1282 AH), daily 8 am-9 pm, free (updated 28 Jul 2025)
- Arab News, Masmak Fortress: an important historical symbol of Saudi unification: 15 Jan 1902, spear tip in gate, 3.60 m gate (22 Sep 2021)
- Aramco World, There were 40 of us: 15 Jan 1902, 40 men, spear point removed in the 1970s (Jan/Feb 1999)
- Wikipedia, Masmak Fort: construction 1865-1895, munitions store 1902-1938, Al-Dirah location, coordinates (accessed Nov 2026)
- Wikipedia, Souq al-Zal: origins 1901, carpets and agarwood, east of Al-Hukm Palace (accessed Nov 2026)
- Argaam, Riyadh Metro's Qasr Al Hokm Station to open on 26 Feb: Blue and Orange lines, buses (25 Feb 2025)
- Wikipedia, Riyadh Metro: Line 4 Yellow KAFD to Airport T1-2; Line 1 Blue interchanges at KAFD and Qasr Al Hokm (accessed Nov 2026)
- Gulf News, Riyadh Metro unveils ticket prices ahead of December launch: 2-hour pass SAR 4 (30 Nov 2024)
- Wikipedia, King Khalid International Airport: about 35 km north of Riyadh (accessed Nov 2026)
- Gulf News, Visiting Saudi Arabia: make sure the taxi you take from the airport is licensed (Transport General Authority rules, updated 15 Oct 2024)
Sources for Al-Ahsa Oasis, Eastern Province
- Wikipedia, Al-Ahsa Oasis (UNESCO reference 1563, criteria, the 12 components, core zone area; UNESCO site blocks automated access)
- UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Al-Ahsa Oasis, an Evolving Cultural Landscape (returned 403 to automated access)
- Arab News, Saudi Arabia's Al-Ahsa desert oasis becomes UNESCO World Heritage site (30 Jun 2018)
- Saudipedia, Al-Ahsa Oasis (inscription date, Jabal Al-Qarah, Qaisariya souk, Ibrahim Palace, Jawatha Mosque, Al-Asfar Lake)
- Gulf News, Al Ahsa Oasis enters Guinness World Records (2020)
- Reuters (Screenocean), Preserved ancient cave site lures visitors in Saudi Arabia (2018)
- Saudi Arabia Railways, Our network: East Line Riyadh-Dammam, reservation rule, Hufuf fare example (accessed 15 Nov 2026)
- Saudi Gazette via Ajel, Eastern Train via Al-Hofuf and Abqaiq carried 389,000 passengers in Q2 2026
- Dammam Airports Company, About (operates King Fahd, Al-Ahsa and Al-Qaisumah airports), accessed 15 Nov 2026
- KFIA, Eastern Province guide (Al-Ahsa) and Parking & Transport drive times, accessed 15 Nov 2026
- Wikipedia, Al-Ahsa International Airport (international status 2011, airlines, coordinates)
- Visit Saudi, Tips for women travelling to Saudi (modest dress guidance)
Sources for Abha and the Asir Mountains
- Wikipedia, Abha: altitude, population (2022 census), climate table from NOAA NCEI 1991-2020 normals, Shada Palace (read 15 Nov 2026)
- Wikipedia, Riyadh: climate tables from NOAA 1991-2020 normals (read 15 Nov 2026)
- Saudipedia, Al-Soudah Mountain: 20 km from Abha, 3,015 m, juniper, Aqabat al-Sama road, Soudah Development (read 15 Nov 2026)
- Arab News, Saudi crown prince launches Soudah Peaks masterplan, 3,015 m (26 Sep 2023)
- Gulf News, Saudi Arabia Crown Prince launches Soudah Peaks masterplan (Sep 2023)
- Wikipedia, Jabal Soudah: elevation dispute with Jabal Ferwa (read 15 Nov 2026)
- UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Tentative List: Rijal Almaa Heritage Village in Asir, submitted 8 Apr 2015 (whc.unesco.org refuses automated access; read via search-engine extract)
- Wikipedia, Rijal Almaa: about 50 km west of Abha, around 60 buildings, museum (read 15 Nov 2026)
- Arab News, Exploring Saudi Arabia: Rijal Alma village, cable car from Al-Soudah (24 Jul 2022)
- The National, Saudi Arabia's Gingerbread Village named in UN list of world's Best Tourism Villages (3 Dec 2021)
- Saudipedia, Al-Muftaha Village: King Fahd Cultural Center, Talal Maddah Theater, Tuesday Market, Ministry of Culture (read 15 Nov 2026)
- Saudipedia, Abha International Airport: about 30 minutes by car from the city (read 15 Nov 2026)
- TradeArabia, Abha Airport set to handle 10,000 flights during Aseer summer season, citing Cluster2 (22 Jun 2026)
- Visit Saudi booking platform, Ancient Village of Rijal Almaa guided tour listing (read via search-engine extract, Nov 2026)
- Aeroroutes, flynas launches Abha base in late March 2026 (20 Jan 2026)
Open data
- Airport codes and positions: OurAirports (public domain), cross-checked with airport operators.
- Country outline of the map: Natural Earth (public domain).
Photos are credited on the photo credits page.